diff --git a/js/nostr/watchHistory.js b/js/nostr/watchHistory.js
index 67d678e8..6b232cf3 100644
--- a/js/nostr/watchHistory.js
+++ b/js/nostr/watchHistory.js
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import {
 } from "../utils/pointerNormalization.js";
 import { pMap } from "../utils/asyncUtils.js";
 import { selectNewestListEvent } from "./listEventOrdering.js";
+import { dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress } from "./watchHistoryDedup.js";
 import {
   getCachedChunkPlaintext,
   setCachedChunkPlaintext,
@@ -2030,9 +2031,10 @@ class WatchHistoryManager {
         // count against the limit. Only uncached, genuinely-encrypted chunks
         // consume the budget; any beyond it are deferred (the caller can request
         // older chunks later, which re-uses the chunk cache for the rest).
-        const sortedChunkEvents = [...allChunkEvents].sort(
-          (a, b) => (Number(b?.created_at) || 0) - (Number(a?.created_at) || 0),
-        );
+        // Keep only the NEWEST event per month (d-tag) so a lagging relay's
+        // stale copy can't resurrect removed items in the union. Newest-first,
+        // so the decrypt-budget ordering below is preserved.
+        const sortedChunkEvents = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress(allChunkEvents);
         const chunkEvents = [];
         let uncachedBudget = chunkDecryptLimit;
         for (const event of sortedChunkEvents) {
@@ -2105,13 +2107,12 @@ class WatchHistoryManager {
     const eventsToProcess = Array.isArray(eventToProcess) ? eventToProcess : [eventToProcess];
     const collectedItems = [];
 
-    // Deduplicate events by ID
-    const uniqueEvents = new Map();
-    for (const ev of eventsToProcess) {
-        if (ev && ev.id) uniqueEvents.set(ev.id, ev);
-    }
+    // Deduplicate by replaceable address (newest per d-tag), NOT by id — a stale
+    // version of the same month from a lagging relay must not be unioned in
+    // alongside the fresh one (that resurrects removed items).
+    const uniqueEvents = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress(eventsToProcess);
 
-    for (const event of uniqueEvents.values()) {
+    for (const event of uniqueEvents) {
       const fallbackPointers = extractPointerItemsFromEvent(event);
       const ciphertext = typeof event.content === "string" ? event.content : "";
 
diff --git a/js/nostr/watchHistoryDedup.js b/js/nostr/watchHistoryDedup.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f26b49a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/js/nostr/watchHistoryDedup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Watch-history events are PARAMETERIZED REPLACEABLE (kind + pubkey + d-tag,
+// where the d-tag is the month). When reading across multiple relays we can
+// receive several versions of the same month — e.g. a relay that missed the
+// latest removal/clear publish still serves the old, larger copy. The reader
+// unions items across events, so unless we keep only the NEWEST version per
+// address, a lagging relay resurrects items the user just removed.
+//
+// This collapses a set of events to the newest per replaceable address (by
+// created_at), so the union downstream reflects the user's latest intent.
+
+/**
+ * @param {Array<object>} events raw nostr events
+ * @returns {Array<object>} newest event per d-tag (events without a d-tag are
+ *   kept individually by id), sorted newest-first
+ */
+export function dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress(events) {
+  const sorted = (Array.isArray(events) ? events : [])
+    .filter((event) => event && typeof event === "object")
+    .slice()
+    .sort((a, b) => (Number(b?.created_at) || 0) - (Number(a?.created_at) || 0));
+
+  const seen = new Set();
+  const out = [];
+  for (const event of sorted) {
+    const dTag = Array.isArray(event.tags)
+      ? event.tags.find((tag) => Array.isArray(tag) && tag[0] === "d")?.[1] || ""
+      : "";
+    // Distinct months have distinct d-tags, so deduping by d-tag keeps one
+    // (newest) per month while preserving every month. Events with no d-tag
+    // can't be addressed, so they're kept individually by id.
+    const key = dTag ? `d:${dTag}` : `id:${event.id}`;
+    if (seen.has(key)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    seen.add(key);
+    out.push(event);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
diff --git a/tests/watch-history-dedup.test.mjs b/tests/watch-history-dedup.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72a01b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/watch-history-dedup.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Reading watch history unions items across the events relays return. Watch-
+// history months are replaceable (d-tag = month), so when relays disagree — a
+// lagging relay still serving the pre-removal copy — the reader must keep only
+// the NEWEST version per month, or removed items get resurrected by the union.
+
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import test from "node:test";
+import { dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress } from "../js/nostr/watchHistoryDedup.js";
+
+const ev = (id, dTag, created_at) => ({
+  id,
+  created_at,
+  tags: [["d", dTag]],
+});
+
+test("keeps only the newest event per month (d-tag)", () => {
+  // Old full copy (created 100) and new reduced copy (created 200) of 2026-06,
+  // as if a lagging relay still served the old one alongside the fresh one.
+  const out = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress([
+    ev("old", "2026-06", 100),
+    ev("new", "2026-06", 200),
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(out.length, 1);
+  assert.equal(out[0].id, "new", "the newest version of the month wins");
+});
+
+test("preserves distinct months", () => {
+  const out = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress([
+    ev("a", "2026-06", 200),
+    ev("b", "2026-05", 100),
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    out.map((e) => e.id).sort(),
+    ["a", "b"],
+    "different months are all kept",
+  );
+});
+
+test("result is sorted newest-first", () => {
+  const out = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress([
+    ev("older", "2026-05", 100),
+    ev("newer", "2026-06", 300),
+    ev("mid", "2026-04", 200),
+  ]);
+  assert.deepEqual(out.map((e) => e.id), ["newer", "mid", "older"]);
+});
+
+test("events without a d-tag are kept individually (by id)", () => {
+  const out = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress([
+    { id: "x", created_at: 1, tags: [] },
+    { id: "y", created_at: 2, tags: [] },
+  ]);
+  assert.equal(out.length, 2);
+});
+
+test("the newest month copy with FEWER items is what survives (removal sticks)", () => {
+  // Models the real bug: old copy has [a,b]; the removal published [a] to some
+  // relays. Dedup must surface only the [a] event so the union drops b.
+  const old = { id: "old", created_at: 100, tags: [["d", "2026-06"]], items: ["a", "b"] };
+  const fresh = { id: "fresh", created_at: 200, tags: [["d", "2026-06"]], items: ["a"] };
+  const out = dedupeNewestPerReplaceableAddress([old, fresh]);
+  assert.equal(out.length, 1);
+  assert.deepEqual(out[0].items, ["a"], "only the post-removal copy contributes");
+});